The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is committed to achieving improvements in people’s lives by reducing health inequities. 8 Social determinants of health such as poverty, unequal access to health care, lack of education, stigma, and racism are underlying, contributing factors of health inequities. 7 Health equity has also been defined as “the absence of systematic disparities in health between and within social groups that have different levels of underlying social advantages or disadvantages-that is, different positions in a social hierarchy”. Health equity is “when everyone has the opportunity to ‘attain their full health potential’ and no one is ‘disadvantaged from achieving this potential because of their social position or other socially determined circumstance’”. Of course, many of the factors in this list are also influenced by the other four determinants of health.Īddressing social determinants of health is a primary approach to achieving health equity. Access to mass media and emerging technologies (cell phones, internet, and social media)Īll of these factors are influenced by social circumstances.Culture (general customs and beliefs of a particular group of people).Residential segregation (physical separation of races/ethnicities into different neighborhoods).Social norms and attitudes (discrimination, racism and distrust of government).How much money a person earns (individual income and household income).Living conditions such as housing status, public safety, clean water and pollution.Having access to health services and the quality of those services.Having food or being able to get food (food security).How much education a person obtains and the quality of that education.How a person develops during the first few years of life (early childhood development).Several factors related to health outcomes are listed below. All of these factors (social determinants) impact the health and well-being of people and the communities they interact with. 5,6 An individual’s socioeconomic position can be shaped by various factors such as their education, occupation, or income. 4 These conditions are shaped by socioeconomic position, which is the amount of money, power, and resources that people have, all of which are influenced by socioeconomic and political factors (e.g., policies, culture, and societal values). The fifth category (social determinants of health) encompasses economic and social conditions that influence the health of people and communities. These five categories are interconnected. Health is influenced by many factors, which may generally be organized into five broad categories known as determinants of health: genetics, behavior, environmental and physical influences, medical care and social factors.
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